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Gut Enzymes May Be Localized in Taste Cells

According to new research from the Monell Chemical Senses Center and collaborating institutions, the sweet taste cells that respond to sugars and sweeteners on the tongue also contain digestive enzymes capable of converting sucrose (table sugar) into glucose and fructose, simple sugars that can be detected by both known sweet taste sensing pathways. The findings increase understanding of the complex cellular mechanisms underlying sweet taste detection.

"Through these insights, we're better able to understand how sweet taste works, why sucrose is so appealing, and even perhaps what would be needed to make a sucrose substitute that tastes good but has no calories," says study senior author Robert F. Margolskee, MD, PhD, a molecular neurobiologist at Monell.

A sweet taste receptor called T1R2+T1R3 is the primary mechanism that enables taste cells to detect many different types of sweet compounds, including sucrose and other caloric sugars and noncaloric sweeteners such as saccharin and sucralose. However, mice with inactivated T1R2+T1R3 sweet receptors, called T1R3 knockout mice, still are able to sense glucose, sucrose, and other caloric sugars, suggesting the existence of additional sweet receptors.

In 2011, Margolskee's team used knowledge of sugar sensors in the intestine and pancreas to identify a second class of sweet taste sensors on the tongue. These "secondary" sensors are sensitive to simple sugars like glucose, but not to sucrose (glucose + fructose) and other complex food-related sugars. Thus, the researchers still needed to explain how the T1R3 knockout mice are able to sense sucrose.

In the present study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the taste researchers once again turned to the intestines for an answer. Knowing that gut enzymes break down complex sugars into simple sugars that can be absorbed into the bloodstream, the research team asked whether these same enzymes also could be breaking down sucrose and other complex sugars on the tongue.

"It makes sense that the tongue and gut would share similar pathways, as both detect ingested chemicals that are important for metabolic energy," says study author Karen Yee, PhD, a cellular physiologist who led the research with molecular biologist Sunil K. Sukumaran, PhD. Both scientists are from Monell.

Using a mouse model, the researchers found that the intestinal digestive enzymes sucrase and maltase also are expressed in sweet taste cells on the tongue. The tongue enzymes are in the ideal location to cleave complex sugars from ingested foods into glucose and fructose, which can then activate the secondary sugar sensors.

Noting that the T1R2+T1R3 sweet receptor senses a range of molecules that includes noncaloric sweeteners, the authors speculate that the second sugar sensor pathway serves as a calorie detector for metabolizable sugars. Working together, the two sweet pathways can identify sweet substances with caloric value, providing a potential explanation for why humans and other mammals respond so positively to the taste of sucrose as opposed to noncaloric sweeteners.

"Sucrose is the perfect sweet compound. As a complex sugar, it activates the 'classic' main sweet receptor, but after being broken down by sucrase in the taste cells, the released glucose also activates the second sweet pathway," Margolskee says.

The findings also have implications for the development of a new class of noncaloric sweeteners. Current noncaloric sweeteners, which only activate the T1R2+T1R3 receptor, are limited by their inability to replicate the full sweet taste of sugars. The researchers speculate this may be because existing noncaloric sweeteners do not target the secondary sugar sensors, which may mediate the unique sweet taste of sugar.

"A lot of effort is being put into developing strategies to limit sugar consumption, which leads to diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Our study potentially enlarges the arsenal to tackle them, especially because many pharmacological agents that target the secondary sugar sensors are already available," Sukumaran says.

Moving forward, the researchers intend to explore whether and how the second sugar sensor pathway contributes to sweet taste perception and perhaps regulation of sugar intake in humans.

— Source: Monell Chemical Senses Center